(CNN)The novel coronavirus silently spread in the United States earlier than previously thought, infecting tens of thousands of people in New York and other major cities, researchers say.
A new model by the Network Science Institute at Northeastern University in Boston shows the first infections came from China in early or mid-January, and that the virus went undetected because many people were not presenting symptoms.
“The disease spread under the radar,” Alessandro Vespignani, director of the Network Science Institute, said on “CNN Newsroom” on Thursday.
The model suggests that while Americans were still focused on China, about 28,000 people in major cities — such as New York, San Francisco and Seattle — were infected by March 1.
The virus circulated in the community of Santa Clara County, California about three weeks before the first known US coronavirus-related death in Washington state, Dr. Sara Cody, the county’s public health director, told Anderson Cooper on Thursday.
Earlier this week, Santa Clara County officials announced that tissue samples confirmed two people who died in early February tested positive for coronavirus. That month, a number of physicians saw patients, without travel histories, who had flu-like symptoms.
But “all indicators had suggested that it was a very low risk (for coronavirus),” Cody said.
Now, however, Cody said it’s obvious “the virus was circulating perhaps fairly widely in our county.”
Several states, including California and Indiana, have been retracing their coronavirus timelines after discovering that the highly infectious disease started killing people earlier than previously known.
These discoveries have emphasized just how much about this pandemic remains uncertain and unknown. Four months since the novel coronavirus was first discovered in Wuhan, China, experts worldwide still do not fully understand how the virus started, how it impacts the body or what treatments are effective.
Many more New Yorkers could have had the virus, study suggests
A preliminary study of 3,000 New Yorkers found that 13.9% tested positive for coronavirus antibodies, Gov. Andrew Cuomo said Thursday.
If those rates hold for the state’s 19.5 million people, then about 2.7 million people in the state had the virus — numbers that are multiple times higher than the official state counts.
The tests were performed on 3,000 random adults who were outside of the home, he said, so it was not an entirely random sample.
Dr. Amesh Adalja, an infectious disease expert at Johns Hopkins University, said New York’s antibody testing results could be good news, as it means that the virus’s fatality rate may be lower than the official fatality rate.
“It tells us this virus is much more widespread than we thought,” he said. “The hospitalization rate may be much lower because the denominator (of people infected) is so much bigger.
“I think it’s also in a way reassuring, meaning that we are developing some immunity to this. There are people that have mild illness that don’t know they are sick, and those individuals may be part of how we move forward as we start to think about reopening certain parts of the country.”
Earlier spread than known
California Gov. Gavin Newsom has asked coroners to review California cases dating to December after autopsies revealed two people in the state died of coronavirus in early and mid-February — up to three weeks before the first known US death from the virus.
“We are doing the same across the state and in other counties as well to ultimately help guide a deeper understanding of when this pandemic really started to impact Californians directly,” Newsom said Wednesday.
In Indiana, too, officials are tracking cases going back to at least mid-February — weeks before the state announced its first case in early March.
As of Thursday, there were more than 873,000 cases in the United States and at least 49,000 people have died from the virus, according to a tally by Johns Hopkins University.
美國在今年2月底出現第一宗新型冠狀病毒死亡通報,可是在此之前三周,加州就有兩個人因此喪生;新通報的死亡案例顯示,病毒比已知的時間更早就已進入社區和引發傳染;衛生主管也表示,這種延誤可能導致全美遲遲才施行居家避疫限制等有效的抗疫手段。
●檢測不足 新冠患者過世未及早發現
北加州聖塔克拉拉郡衛生主管柯迪說,缺乏檢測以及聯邦政府對檢測對象的限制準則,使得這兩件死亡病例未能立即發現。
聖塔克拉拉郡3月中旬把驗屍採集的組織樣本,送到聯邦疾病防治中心(CDC)分析,證實這兩人感染新冠病毒;而郡法醫處21日接到分析結果;CDC則沒有說明為什麼拖了一個多月才回覆。
柯迪說:「如果我們更早做廣泛檢測,能夠掌握病毒在本地的散播情況,知道已經有人因此喪生,我們或許可以更早採取行動。」
●57歲婦2月6日去世 生前不知染疫
有關官員說,這兩人都死在家裡,其中一個57歲婦女在2月6日喪生 ,一個 69歲男子在2月17日過世;兩人都未曾出國到爆發新冠傳染的疫區,可能是因社區傳播感染,且病患生前不知道自己罹患新冠肺炎。
美國最早知道的第一個新冠死者,是2月29日出現在華盛頓州西雅圖附近的柯克蘭郡,有關官員後來發現,2月26日就有兩人因此喪生。
新報告顯示,在衛生官員察覺之前,新冠病毒早在加州散播,而且同時在美國至少兩個地方傳染。
●早在1月底 病毒已在加州傳播
由於從感染病毒到發病致死中間間隔一、兩個星期,2月6日就有人喪生顯示,病毒至少在1月底就已在加州傳播;美國原來報導的第一宗感染,是1月21日出現在西雅圖地區。
3月17日舊金山灣區下令將近700萬居民居家避疫,這是當時全美最嚴格的防疫措施,三天後加州對全州4000萬居民下達禁足令。
川普政府在1月中旬和下旬發布旅行禁令,並在機場進行篩檢,可是在此之前,已有數以千計來自中國和其他疫區的人進入美國。
●加州兩死亡病例 當時可能列為流感
舊金山大學研究員邱華彥說,新冠病毒很可能是由旅客從中國帶進美國,分別出現在聖塔克拉拉和華盛頓州,而且這種「播種」事例可能有好幾個。
柯迪說,加州兩個死者的死因當時可能列為流行性感冒,因為那時正是流感季節,而要分辨同為冠狀病毒的流感和新冠病毒很難,而且兩者初期症狀類似。
衛生官員現在將回頭追查,以確定他們是如何受到感染,以及他們曾與哪些人接觸。
今年2月,全球關注中國與義大利新型冠狀病毒疫情時,病毒可能已在美國廣泛散播。紐約等5座大城3月初僅23人確診,但研究人員估計,當時約有2.8萬人感染,防疫啟動為時已晚。
紐約市3月1日通報首例2019冠狀病毒疾病確診個案,但根據波士頓東北大學(Northeastern University)研究團隊與紐約時報分享的病毒散播模型,這座人口約860萬的城市當時已有1萬多人感染。
研究人員發現,新型冠狀病毒當時也悄悄攻陷舊金山、芝加哥、西雅圖、波士頓。這些大城都是交通樞紐,成為病毒蔓延到全美其他地區的溫床。
美國3月起逐步擴大病毒檢測,才發現疫情一發不可收拾,各州接著陸續頒布居家防疫令、要求民眾保持社交距離,疫情才趨於穩定。根據約翰霍普金斯大學(Johns Hopkins University)統計,截至發稿為止,全美確診超過85萬例、4.7萬人死亡。
全美疫情最慘重的紐約州近期展開抽樣抗體檢測。州長古莫(Andrew Cuomo)今天公布的初步結果顯示,全州受檢約3000人中,13.9%呈陽性反應;紐約市比率則達21.2%,意味每5人就有1人曾染疫並產生抗體。
以13.9%感染率推算,紐約州可能有270萬人曾染疫,遠高於截至昨天的26.3萬例確診總數。
美國疾病管制暨預防中心(CDC)主任芮斐德(Robert Redfield)上週表示,截至2月27日,全美僅有14例確診個案,衛生機關成功追蹤這些病例與密切接觸者,疫情之後才失控。
但東北大學研究人員估計,早在2月中旬,紐約市與舊金山就有超過600人染疫且未被察覺,西雅圖、芝加哥、波士頓也有100多人感染。
率領研究團隊的韋斯皮尼亞尼(Alessandro Vespignani)表示,他與研究團隊2月中旬就以初步預估數據警告美國官員,病毒正在悄悄散播,官員反應與義大利、英國和西班牙一模一樣,「他們告訴我『那是你們電腦運算的結果,並非現實情況』」。
韋斯皮尼亞尼提到,官員還說「沒有人會根據預測模型而讓整個國家運作停擺」。
專家指出,美國多數地區疾病監測系統不完善,導致新型冠狀病毒2月至3月迅速擴散,大部分人毫無知覺。疫情爆發之初,全美病毒檢測一團亂,各地醫院也忙著準備因應疫情高峰,可能漏算一些新型冠狀病毒致死病例,也沒有時間或工具確認。
這項研究模型是基於已知病毒資訊和發現地點,依個人搭機去處、交通工具使用等數據模擬病毒散播,並讓模型在多種假設情況下運算,得出病毒悄悄散播的估計數據。
愈來愈多跡象顯示美國疫情惡化時間比外界認知還早。加州聖克拉拉郡(Santa Clara)公共衛生官員本週公布,近期驗屍結果顯示,當地2月6日就出現新型冠狀病毒致死案例,比全美通報首例死亡病例早了3週。
舊金山灣區衛生官員近日公布死者檢驗報告,2月6日過世的健康女性是美國最早新型冠狀病毒死亡案例。官員推論,案例是「冰山一角」,病毒1月初已經入侵美國本土。
儘管官方沒有公布死者姓名,洛杉磯時報、有線電視新聞網(CNN)經由親屬求證,今天報導2月6日過世的這名死者,就是57歲在灣區的半導體公司科林研發(Lam Research)擔任經理的陶德(Patricia Dowd)。
家人表示,陶德的身體狀況良好,「保有運動習慣、注意飲食、沒有服用藥物、不抽煙」。但她在1月底突然生病,出現感冒症狀,過世之前5天打電話給哥哥說無法參加家庭聚會。
陶德的哥哥說:「她說身體不舒服,很少看到她這樣。」後來她狀況好轉之後,開始在家工作,過世當天早上8時仍與同事聯繫,大約2個小時之後,女兒發現她心臟病發過世。
後來疫情在美國惡化,家人對陶德死因產生懷疑。經過法醫檢驗,在陶德身上驗出病毒。另外一名2月17日過世的67歲男性同樣是近期驗屍發現病毒。
聖克拉拉郡(Santa Clara County)21日宣布,從兩名在2月初病逝的死者身上檢測出2019冠狀病毒疾病(COVID-19,武漢肺炎)。
衛生官員柯迪(Sara Cody)說:「這兩個死亡案例都沒有旅遊史。我們大膽假設,2月初已有顯著程度的病毒在社區傳播。」
她稱這兩例是「冰山一角」,代表底下有未知的大量傳染。這個冬天流感盛行,加上檢測裝備有限、對病毒瞭解不多,導致這麼晚才發現,「當時要分辨流感與COVID-19很困難」。
這個時間點,早於一般認知2月28日華盛頓州的美國首起死亡案例。
柯迪相信,病毒1月初已在舊金山灣區流行。從驗屍報告中得到的新資訊可以證明,3個月前,衛生當局仍把注意力放在入境美國的外來客與郵輪時,病毒已經悄悄在社區傳播。
CNN報導指出,對更多死者進行調查之後,證明美國實際的確診與死亡人遠高於現有的數字。根據22日官方統計,美國確診人數超過82萬、死亡4萬6000多人。